1877-1918





[] People:
 * 1) Theodore Roosevelt
 * 2) Woodrow Wilson
 * 3) William Howard Taft
 * 4) Upton Sinclair
 * 5) William Randolph Hearst
 * 6) Samuel Gompers
 * 7) Booker T Washington
 * 8) JP Morgan
 * 9) Jane Addams
 * 10) Wright Brothers

Events:
 * 1) WW1 (1914)
 * 2) Spanish - American War (1898)
 * 3) Plessy v Ferguson (1896)
 * 4) Roosevelt Corollary (1904)
 * 5) Coal Strike of 1902 (Anthrocite Coal Strike)
 * 6) Haymarket Strike of 1889
 * 7) Compromise of 1877
 * 8) Completion of the Panama Canal (1914)
 * 9) Wounded Knee (1890)
 * 10) Newlands Resolution (1898)

__PEOPLE__

// Why is he important? // // Why is he significant to United States history? //
 * Theodore Roosevelt - Thomas Bumbalo **
 * Hero of the Spanish-American War
 * First progressive president
 * One of the "trust-buster" presidents who fought against trusts between big businesses
 * Through his "Roosevelt Corollary," he established a tradition of imperialism in the United States
 * Intervened in the Anthracite Coal Strike of 1902 as a neutral arbitrator between workers and business; first time for government to do so
 * Pushed for completion of Panama Canal
 * Presided over peace talks between Japan and Russia, ending the Russo-Japanese War (earned a Nobel Peace Prize)
 * [[image:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/President_Theodore_Roosevelt%2C_1904.jpg/454px-President_Theodore_Roosevelt%2C_1904.jpg width="334" height="522" caption="File:President Theodore Roosevelt, 1904.jpg"]] ||
 * File:President Theodore Roosevelt, 1904.jpg ||

// Why is he important? //
 * Woodrow Wilson - John Chavez **
 * The 28th President of the United States
 * Leader of the Progressive Movement
 * Passed a slew of progressive reforms, including:
 * Federal Trade Commission Act: Fought against unfair trade practices
 * Clayton Antitrust Act: Strengthened the Sherman Antitrust Act
 * Income Tax: First of its time
 * Federal Reserve Act: Set up the central banking system of America
 * Adamson Act: Imposed an 8 hour workday

// Why is he significant to United States History? //
 * Rallied the nation together during WWI
 * Issued the Fourteen Points as part of the negotiations at the end of the war
 * The progressive legislatures that he pushed for and passed are still in effect to this day, such as the income tax, the Federal Reserve Act, and the Federal Trade Commission Act
 * His advocacy for the Fourteen Points produced the League of Nations, which was the precursor the the United Nations
 * Renowned for his trust busting, similar to Theodore Roosevelt

[]



// Why is he important? // // Why is he significant to United States history? //
 * William Howard Taft - Tirthna **
 * 27th President of the United States
 * Chosen by Roosevelt to carry on progressive policies
 * Came up with Dollar Diplomacy
 * Enforced antitrust laws
 * First President to also serve as chief justice of the United States
 * He was also the heaviest president
 * He continued Roosevelt's antitrust actions
 * Helped to split the Republican Party (Progressive and Conservative)
 * His Dollar Diplomacy increased actions taken to promote American business overseas
 * New Mexico and Arizona became states during his presidency



[]

//Why is he important?// //Why is he significant to United States history?//
 * Upton Sinclair - Cody**
 * Classic American muckraker
 * Wrote //The Jungle,// which exposed the horrid conditions of the American meat packing industry
 * His novel, //The Jungle,// caused an uproar with the public over the treatment and quality of meat
 * Contributed to the passage of the 1906 Pure Food and Drug Act
 * Also contributed to the passing of the Meat Insprction Act




 * William Randolph Hearst - Thomas Bumbalo **

// Why is he important? // // Why is he significant to United States history? //
 * Along with Pulitzer, journalist who began the practice of yellow journalism (exaggeration to sell papers)
 * Through yellow journalism, helped create public support for war with Spain
 * Yellow journalism is still practiced today
 * United States acquired Puerto Rico as a result of the Spanish-American war

// Why is he important? // // Why is he significant to US history? //
 * Samuel Gompers - Dawson aka D-Money **
 * Helped found and was president of the American Federation of Labour until his deat
 * President of Cigarmakers International Union
 * Member of the Anti-Imperialist League
 * Supported the Chinese Exclusion Act (anti-immigration unified workers)
 * The AFL has proved the largest and longest lasting union in US history
 * Helped the formation of smaller trade unions and unify chasms in the movement
 * Membership took off under the NLRA and the New Deal, huge organizing drive secured legislative victories for labour



// Why is he important? // // Why is he significant to United States History? //
 * Booker T. Washington - John Chavez **
 * Spoke against the disfranchisement of his contemporaries in the South
 * Able to garner the support of not only fellow African Americans, but also white people, educational and religious communities, donations from philanthropists, etc.
 * Atlanta Address of 1895: Washington advocated for African Americans to earn their recognition rather than taking it by force
 * His literature and speeches helped decrease the friction between races, improving their relationships
 * Aided in providing African Americans with higher level education, as well as economic power and a comprehension of the country's legal system
 * His crusade was one of the foundations for the Civil Rights Movement in the 1960's

[]



// Why is he important? // // Why is he significant to US history? //
 * JP Morgan (1873-1913) - Dawson aka Delicious Dancer **
 * Financier that arranged the creation of General Electric, US Steel Corporation, and AT&T
 * Financed scores of railroads, including some of the largest in the country
 * Helped end the Panic of 1907 and establish the Federal Reserve System afterwards
 * Dominant role in the US economy, invested in most of the largest businesses of the era
 * Divided conservatives and leftists of the day - "captains of industry" vs "robber barons"
 * Huge philanthropist, helped establish Metropolitan Museum of Art and donated much of his art and gemstone collection to it
 * Dominated US finance during the Progressive Era
 * His investments led to the growth of some of the huge companies and technological advancements during the Second Industrial Revolution
 * Probably the most famous and significant banker in US history
 * Leading role in the creation of the Federal Reserve System, changed the functioning of the US economy entirely



// Why is she important? // // Why is she significant to United States history? //
 * Jane Addams - Tirthna **
 * Pioneer settlement worker
 * Founded the Hull House in Chicago
 * Leader of women's suffrage/world peace
 * Important reformer during the Progressive Era
 * "First American woman to be awarded the Nobel Peace Prize"
 * She created the most important settlement house
 * Her ideas continued to influence social, political, and economic reform.

[]



Why are they significant to United States history?
 * Wright Brothers - Cody** Why are they important?
 * They are credited with inventing and building the world's first successful airplane
 * Also invented the three-axis control, enabling the pilot to effectively steer an aircraft
 * Without their aircrafts, military warfare would be much more limited
 * Commercial flying would also be non-existent

__EVENTS__ //What casued it?// //Why is it important?// //How did it help shape the United States?//
 * Haymarket Strike of 1886 - Cody**
 * Civil War
 * Depression of 1873-1879
 * Poor working conditions throughout America
 * Industrialism
 * Resulted in the deaths of seven police officers and four civilians
 * Influenced America's anarchist craze
 * In part led to the Red Scare
 * Setback in America's fight for better working conditions



// What caused it? // // Why is it important? //
 * Compromise of 1877 - Tirthna **
 * Dispute over the election of 1876
 * Rutherford B Hayes got elected to office over Samuel J. Tilden
 * Called for Republicans to:
 * Remove all federal troops from the former Confederate States
 * Appoint at least one Southern Democrat to Hayes' cabinet
 * Construct another transcontinental railroad
 * Help industrialize the South


 * In exchange, Democrats would:
 * Accept Hayes to be President
 * Respect the rights of African-Americans

// How did it help shape the United States? //
 * It effectively ended Radical Reconstruction
 * Because it removed federal troops from the south, the south was able to continue segregation and discrimination

[]



// What caused it? // // Why is it important? // // How did it help shape the United States? //
 * Plessy v Ferguson - Tirthna **
 * Civil Rights Acts of 1866 and 1875
 * Louisiana passed a law requiring separate railway cars for blacks and whites on trains.
 * Ruled "separate but equal" facilities as constitutional
 * Upheld the rights of states to pass laws requiring racial segregation
 * Served as a momentum for further segregation laws in states
 * Characterized American society until the ruling was overturned in the case of Brown v Board of Education
 * Popularized the Jim Crow system

[]




 * Newlands Resolution (1898) - Thomas Bumbalo **

// What caused it? // // Why is it important? // // How did it help shape the United States? //
 * Northwest Ordinance of 1787
 * Bayonet Constitution
 * 1893 Revolution
 * Businessmen wanting to protect interests in islands
 * Imperialism
 * Resulted in the annexation of the Hawaiian islands to the United States
 * Was one of the most blatant examples of American imperialism as the native government was overthrown by firstly business owners and then the United States itself
 * Provided precedent for annexation of another country (Philippines)
 * Hawaii would later become the 50th state of the United States
 * Our 44th President, Barack Obama, would be born in Hawaii

// What caused It? //
 * Spanish American War - John Chavez **
 * Imperialism
 * Alfred T Mahan's //The Influence of Sea Power Upon History// argued that great nations were seafaring nations who relied on foreign trade
 * Manifest Destiny
 * Protestant Missionaries and the "White Man's Burden"
 * Henry Cabot Lodge and Theodore Roosevelt's advocacy for global expansion to increase US power
 * Seward's acquisition of Alaska and US involvement in Hawaii


 * Meddling in the affairs of Cuba: US wanted to annex Cuba, while the country itself was going through a revolution against Spain
 * Yellow Journalism: Journalists like Hearst and Pulitzer exaggerated stories concerning Weyler, the general of Spanish forces, and his animosity towards the Cubans
 * De Lome Letter: An acquired letter from the Spanish Ambassador that criticized McKinley and expressed that Spain had no intention of changing policy towards Cuba
 * Sinking of the USS Maine: Some say that it was intentional so that America would be forced into war with Spain

// Why is it important? //
 * America's winnings:
 * Cuba: Became a protectorate and the country was restricted by the Platt amendment. This protectorate status would only last for 31 years
 * Philippines: Filipinos thought that they were liberated but in actuality, they had been bought by America. This misunderstanding led a war with the country, which cost $400 million.
 * Puerto Rico and Guam


 * Edified and consolidated America's role in foreign affairs through it's brisk termination of the war and its overall strength as a nation
 * Sparked controversial issues concerning imperialism and colonization
 * Displayed Theodore Roosevelt and his Rough Riders

// How did it help shape the United States? //
 * Retained some of the colonies gained from the war
 * Started the enmity between America and Cuba
 * Depicted American Imperialism at its best
 * One of the uniting factors for the North and the South in the sense that the war rallied both sides together against one common enemy



[]

// What caused it? // // What is its significance? // // How did it help shape the United States? //
 * Coal Strike of 1902 - Dawson aka Dirty-D **
 * Growth of the United Mine Workers of America
 * Bituminous Coal Strike of 1897
 * 1899 Nanticoke Coal Strike
 * Mark Hanna and JP Morgan pressed coal industry to cede wage increases to strikers in 1900
 * 1900 founding of the National Civic Federation
 * Theodore Roosevelt established a federal commission to help mediate the dispute
 * The Anthracite Coal Strike Commission ultimately split the demands of both sides right down the middle
 * Union did not get recognition, did get a board of arbitrators from both sides
 * One of the more peaceful strikes of the era, as opposed to, say, the Haymarket Affair or the Great Railroad Strike of 1877
 * Strikers earned a nine-hour instead of a ten-hour workday, a step towards the eight-hour workday ultimately strived for
 * Union membership skyrocketed across industries
 * Fundamental progressive reform and implementation of Roosevelt's Square Deal policy

// What caused It? // // Why is it important? //
 * Addition of the Roosevelt Corollary - John Chavez **
 * American Imperialism: Nation's desire to expand as a means of accumulating power
 * Theodore Roosevelt's fear of Latin America's inability to pay off debts to European. Because of this, he was afraid that these countries might fall into European control
 * Big Stick Diplomacy: Roosevelt's notion that America should "walk softly, but carry a big stick" to public display the nation's power
 * Spanish American War: America had to protect their newly acquired properties
 * Increase Reputation: America desired to be acknowledged as an actual super power
 * Warded of European nations from the Western Hemisphere
 * The United States acted as the protector of Latin American countries,
 * Latin American countries believed that America was a little overbearing and sometimes, the countries felt as if they were being bullied by America

// How did it help shape the United States? //
 * The Corollary was used to justify America's reason for sending troops to Latin American countries
 * It contributed to the friction between America and the countries they were protecting, especially Cuba
 * America gained sole "ownership" of the Western Hemisphere, and had undoubted influence over these countries.



[]

//What caused it?// //Why is it important?// //How did it help shape the United States?//
 * Wounded Knee - Cody**
 * Indian Removal Act
 * Death of Sitting Bull
 * Indian's forced adaption into American culture
 * Considered a true massacre, as over 150 indians were killed
 * Saw the US government's publicity take a negative turn
 * There were no punishments handed out
 * Signaled the final conflict between the Native Americans and the US government
 * Indian reservations became much more relevant
 * Drexel Mission Fight

// What caused it? // // What is its significance? // // How did it help shape the United States? //
 * Completion of the Panama Canal - Dawson aka Dark Horse **
 * Beginning of the Panama Canal
 * Alexander von Humboldt proposes a canal connecting the Pacific and Atlantic oceans in the early 1800s
 * California Gold Rush (increased international trade)
 * Sinking of the //Maine// off Havana (demanding US control of trade in the region)
 * Handover of the French project to US administration
 * Declaration of independence of Panama from Colombia
 * Made trade crossing the Americas far quicker, more efficient, and safer (no longer have to pass through the Strait of Magellan)
 * Allowed Caribbean countries to export goods for effectively
 * Established Panama as a US protectorate, enhanced US control of trade in the region
 * Aided US influence in Central America until Panamanians rejected US control and Carter ceded the Canal to Panama in 1977
 * Gave justification for Taft's Dollar Diplomacy and 1900-1940s US involvement in Central America (protecting the neutrality of the Canal)


 * World War I (1914-1918) - Thomas Bumbalo **

// What caused it? // // Why is it important? // // How did it help shape the United States? //
 * Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand
 * Imperialistic and nationalistic tensions
 * Formation of alliances (such as the Entente Cordiale)
 * Zimmerman Telegram
 * Sinking of Lusitania
 * European combatants needed supplies and food for war which the U.S. provided, boosting its industry
 * It is the first war in Europe in which the United States involved itself
 * Over 100,000 Americans died as a direct result of the war
 * Increased wheat production for the war effort led to overproduction and the deflation of the price of wheat and bread as well as the Dust Bowl
 * Led to a foreign policy of isolationism for the United States after the war
 * War crippled several European economies, meaning much of Europe was in debt to the United States
 * Harsh terms of the Treaty of Versailles eventually resulted in World War II and thus the United States's involvement in it
 * [[image:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/36/French_87th_Regiment_Cote_34_Verdun_1916.jpg caption="File:French 87th Regiment Cote 34 Verdun 1916.jpg"]] ||
 * File:French 87th Regiment Cote 34 Verdun 1916.jpg ||