1820-1877

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 * Multimedia Presentation**


 * Timeline 1820-1877--**

//Why is it important?// //How did it help shape the United States?//
 * Election of 1824 - Cody**
 * Andrew Jackson won the popular vote, but because there was not a clear winner in the electoral college the vote went to the House of Representatives.
 * The Corrupt Bargain occured, which saw Henry Clay drop out of the Presidential race to help lead John Quincy Adams to victory.
 * After being elected, Adams named Clay his Secretary of State
 * Lead to the Collapse of the Federalist party and the rise of the Democratic-Republican party.

//What caused it?// //Why is it important?//
 * Indian Removal Act (1830) - Cody**
 * The 1828 election, which saw Andrew Jackson elected president.
 * The states were eager to gain access to lands inhabited by various Indian tribes
 * Georgia was involved in constant dispute with the Cherokee nation
 * President Andrew Jackson issued the removal of all indian tribes off America's Southern territories.
 * The Treaty of New Echota resulted in removal of the Cherokee Indians on the Trail of Tears.

//How did it help shape the United States?//
 * It paved the way for the forced emigration of tens of thousands of American Indians to the West//.//

"After Turner murdered the entire family of his master, he moved on to surrounding farms with the intent of killing every white person..." ( [] ) // What caused it? // //Why is it important?// // How did it help shape United States history? //
 * Nat Turner's Rebellion (1831) - Dawson B. **
 * Nat Turner thought visions he saw (an eclipse of the sun) were indications that he needed to lead a slave revolt
 * Turner was a very well-educated slave (reading and writing at young age) and thorouhgly religious
 * Restrictive slave codes in Virginia
 * Victorious Haitain Revolution established the first "negro republic" in the Caribbean
 * Liberia was founded in 1821 by the American Colonization Society
 * Turner, leading a band of about 70 colleagues, went from farm to farm, killing almost anyone found there, all in all about 60 people, including children. He commanded his band to "kill all the white people" as they went as a form of terror to demonstrate their power. The rebellion was put down by a white militia backed by artillery. Rumors that insurrectionary armies of former slaves had massacred all of Wilmington and were planning to march on the state capitol led to brutal attacks on black people throughout the state; one retaliatory attack in North Carolina left 40 slaves dead and their bodies looted.
 * Expanded antislavery movement in Virginia, which tried to colonize all blacks out of the state to prevent a rebellion
 * More restrictive slave codes in most slave states (ex. anti-reading laws in Virginia and Alabama; blacks could no longer hold religious meetings in Virginia without a white minister)
 * At the end of the Civil War most freed slaves were illiterate, which, along with black codes, depressed the economic condition of blacks in the South. This would lead to a revived movement for black education and literacy throughout the early 20th century.
 * Symbolized a bane for slaveholders and an inspiration for slaves; may have inspired other future slave revolts like the 1842 Cherokee Nation revolt.



//What caused it?// //Why is it important?// //How did it help shape United States history?//
 * Nullification Crisis (1832) - Tirthna B. **
 * South Carolina was adversely affected by the 1820s economic decline
 * Tariff of 1828- Van Buren disregarded SC’s interests when drafting the bill
 * Tariff of 1832- Many southerners became dissatisfied with Jackson, especially John Calhoun
 * November 1832 -Nullification Convention met to declare the tariffs of 1828 and 1832 unconstitutional
 * South Carolina created the Ordinance of Nullification to void the tariffs within the state
 * It further dramatized the division between the North and South; the tariffs were levied by the North in order to protect its manufacturing industry, while it was mostly the South who was paying for it. It brought up the issue of states’ rights, which is something that would later lead to secession.
 * The Nullification Crisis was one of the main events that led to the Civil War.

// What caused it? // // Why is it important? // // How did it help shape United States history? //
 * Panic of 1837 - John C. **
 * Jackson's "Pet Banks": Jackson removed all the money from the Federal Bank and placed the revenue into the state banks in an effort to give more power to the states. It killed the Bank of the United States, but in the process, it increased inflation.
 * Specie Circular: Speculation had inflated the price of land so to counteract this, Jackson issued the Specie Circular, requiring federal land to be bought with gold and silver. This led to the decrease of value of bank notes as well as land sales.
 * Failure of wheat crops: The Hessian fly caused the crops to fail
 * Economic problems abroad: European countries were also experiencing economic problems, especially in Britain where a couple of banks had failed
 * An overall depression that wrought the country prior to the Panic
 * Contributed to Van Buren's overall unpopularity amongst the people because he refused to do anything about the depression that was placed before him
 * Blame was placed on the Bank by the Jacksonian Democrats, stating that it had allowed for inflation
 * Banks began to fail left and right
 * Van Buren proposed the Divorce Bill and championed the independent treasury, all of which assimilated into the Federal Reserve System

//What caused it?// // Why is it important? // // How did it help shape United States history? //
 * Mexican-American War (1846-1848) - Dawson B. **
 * Stephen Austin established a colony in the Mexican territory of Texas
 * Battle of the Alamo - all US soldiers killed at the Alamo Mission by the Mexican Army
 * General Houston defeats Santa Anna and earns independence for Texas
 * Doctrine of Manifest Destiny justifies US expansion
 * General Zachary Taylor instigates shootout on Nueces River (northern border of disputed territory)
 * United most country in opposition to Mexico (fought mostly by volunteers)
 * Republicans opposed because they perceived the Mexican Cession as an attempt by Polk to expand slavery
 * Democrats viewed it as evidence of the States' Manifest Destiny to expand, may have fueled imperialist aims later
 * US reached the Pacific Ocean with the Mexican Cession and got bits of the Southwest with the Gadsden Purchase
 * Manifest Destiny and early nationalist sentiments fulfilled
 * Established the Southern border of the US at the Rio Grande

//Why is it important?// //How did it help shape United States history?//
 * Seneca Falls Convention(1848) - Tirthna B. **
 * First women’s rights convention in history
 * Held by a wide circle of abolitionists who were also supporters of women’s rights
 * Meeting of US’s leading feminists- Seneca Falls, NY
 * Members declared that all men and women were created equally
 * “Declaration of Sentiments” to list complaints against discriminating laws/customs
 * The Seneca Falls Convention was a big step in progress towards women’s rights. It was the first women’s rights movement in the US, and it set the stage for furthering the rights of women in both political and social fields. It demonstrated the power that women were beginning to have with their ideas and movements.

// What caused it? // // Why is it important? // // How did it help shape the United States? //
 * Compromise of 1850 (1850) - Thomas B. **
 * Mexican-American War
 * Missouri Compromise
 * Wilmot Proviso
 * Escape of southern blacks to the North
 * Nullification crisis
 * Created more sectional conflict between the South and the North through its harsh fugitive slave law
 * One of the many causes of the Civil War
 * Eventually led to the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854
 * Deepened the animosity between the North and South
 * Led to several outcries against slavery, such as the publication of //Uncle Tom's Cabin// as a result of the fugitive slave act

// Causes // // Importance // // Impact on American History //
 * Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854 - John C. **
 * Transcontinental Railroad: Stephen Douglass, senator of Illinois, wanted to build the railroad through the US, but needed to convince southerners that the railroad should expand south
 * Farm Land: These new states offered vast amounts of acres that should be cultivated, but first, it must be settled
 * Outdated Missouri Compromise: This old compromise needed to be repealed and replaced in accordance to the Dred Scott consensus
 * Compromise of 1850: This compromise introduced the idea of popular sovereignty that was to be adapted into the Kansas-Nebraska Act in order to let the people decide over the issue of slavery
 * Nullification Crisis:
 * Led to bleeding Kansas: Popular sovereignty attracted people to move there so that the state could win the popular vote over slavery for their "team." This created fights between pro-slavery settlers and anti-slavery settlers
 * Lincoln and Douglas debates: It sparked the bouts between the two, setting up Lincoln's political platform and his opinion towards slavery
 * One of the short term causes of the Civil War
 * Led to emmigration to the Nebraska territories




 * Civil War (1861-1865) - Thomas B. **

// What caused it? // // Why is it important? // // How did it help shape United States history? //
 * 1860 Presidential Election
 * Invention of cotton gin
 * Attack on Fort Sumter
 * Kansas-Nebraska Act
 * Publication of //Uncle Tom's Cabin//
 * Bloodiest war that has ever occurred on U.S. soil
 * Destroyed the southern economy for a long period of time
 * Culmination of sectional struggles that had been occurring over the years
 * Slavery, in the end, was abolished
 * Made Grant famous, and he would later become a president


 * People by importance:**
 * Abraham Lincoln**
 * James K. Polk**
 * Andrew Jackson**
 * Henry Clay**
 * Robert E. Lee**
 * Frederick Douglass**
 * Jefferson Davis**
 * Harriet Beecher Stowe**
 * Henry David Thoreau**
 * Dorothea Dix**

// Why is he important? // // Why is he significant to United States history? //
 * Abraham Lincoln - Thomas B.**
 * He was president during the American Civil War
 * He refused to allow the secession of the South and successfully ended their rebellion
 * Issued the Emancipation Proclamation
 * His Emancipation Proclamation eventually resulted in the abolition of slavery in the United States
 * His attempts to return the South to the Union caused the economic ruin of the South for years to come
 * The assassination of Lincoln ended the hopes of an easy period of Reconstruction for the Sout

// Why is he important? // // Why is he significant to United States history? //
 * James K. Polk - Thomas B. **
 * Galvanized American nationalism by supporting the doctrine of Manifest Destiny
 * Began a war with Mexico and concluded a treaty with Great Britain to gain the Mexican cession territories and Oregon respectively
 * Gained nearly all of mainland United States's modern-day territories
 * His presidency resulted in more sectional rifts due to the question over the expansion of slavery

//Why is he important?// //Why is he significant to united States history?//
 * Andrew Jackson - Tirthna **
 * General during the War of 1812
 * 7th President of the United States (1829-1837)
 * Whig party formed against Jackson
 * Vetoed the bill for the Second National Bank
 * Stood strictly against South Carolina's attempts at nullification
 * “Age of the Common Man”/ Jacksonian Democracy/Universal Manhood Suffrage
 * Enlarged the spoils system
 * Stood strictly against South Carolina’s attempts at nullification
 * Indian Removal Act of 1830

//Why is he important?// //Why is he significant to United States history?//
 * Henry Clay - John C. **
 * Known as the Great Compromiser, he was the mastermind behind the following arrangements:
 * Corrupt Bargain: He dropped out of the race to sway the vote to favor John Quincy Adams rather than Andrew Jackson
 * American System: He championed tariffs to promote industry, the recharter of the National Bank, and internal developments such as canals and steamboats
 * Missouri Compromise of 1820: Delayed the coming of the Civil War by keeping the free state and slave state equal in number and providing a method for deciding whether a state is free or not
 * Compromise of 1850: Further delayed the Civil War by addressing the newly attained territories and their condition as free or slave state
 * Many of his compromises allowed the country to progress beyond political sticking points

//Why is he important?// //Why is he significant to United States history?//
 * Robert E Lee - John C. **
 * One of the most renowned commander of the Confederate army in the Civil War and highly regarded as one of the greatest generals in American history
 * A skilled tactician and an excellent commander, he gave the Confederates many victories, even though the Union armies outnumbered them
 * He was considered to be the backbone of the Confederates, the driving force behind the soldiers.
 * After the loss at Gettysburg, the war tended to favor the Union, and Lee would ultimately surrender to Ulysses S Grant at the Appomattox Courthouse
 * Had it not been for his great leadership, in addition to other great generals, the Confederates would not have lasted as long as they did, and the Civil War would have been much shorter

//Why is he important?// //Why is he significant to US history?//
 * Frederick Douglass - Cody**
 * .At the age of 18, Douglass escaped slavery and fled to Massachusetts.
 * There he started his own newspaper, The North Star, which promoted strong anti-slavery beliefs.
 * He also spoke at various anti-slavery meetings as well as the Seneca Falls Convention
 * A major leader of both the slavery abolition and women's rights movements.
 * Douglass''s various achievements provided a major step towards equal rights for blacks and women.

// Why is he important? // // Why is he significant to United States history? //
 * Jefferson Davis (1808-1889) - Dawson B. **
 * President of CSA throughout its existence - unanimously elected by a constitutional convention
 * Secretary of War under Pierce
 * Incapable of securing recognition from any foreign country for the CSA
 * Tried to defend the entire South with approx. equal force, which spread the small army too thin
 * Selected Robert E. Lee to lead the Confederate Army - tactical success that helped CSA survive as long as it did.
 * Failure to govern the CSA successfully contributed significantly to the South's defeat in the Civil War
 * Electing Robert E. Lee probably sustained the South for longer than it would have with less adequate generals

//Why is she important?// //Why is she significant to US history?//
 * Harriet Beecher Stowe - Cody**
 * She wrote many influential anti-slavery books.
 * Most famous for __Uncle Tom's Cabin__
 * __Uncle Tom's Cabin__ was banned in the South, but was praised in the North and became known as one of the most influential anti-slavery novels ever.
 * Her work as an author greatly benefitted the North in their fight to end slavery.

"He is as ugly as sin, long-nosed, queer-mouthed, and with uncouth and rustic manners." -Nathaniel Hawthorne // Why is he important? // // What is his significance to United States history? //
 * Henry David Thoreau (1817-1862) - Dawson B. **
 * Transcendentalist and abolitionist philosopher
 * Early American advocate of civil disobedience and tax resistance (in his case, to the Mexican-American War)
 * Wrote //Walden, or Life in the Woods// and //Resistance to Civil Government// - ignored in his time, biological and scientific works were impactful during his life.
 * Fervently defended John Brown after Harper's Ferry - stood alone in his time, but he would inspire reverence of Brown during the Civil War.
 * Advocated a return to nature and individualism, finding morality within oneself outside a social context.
 * Thoreau's works on civil disobedience directly inspired MLK Jr, John F Kennedy, and Justice William O. Douglas
 * Inspired much of the nonviolent civil disobedience of the Civil Rights Movement - Civil Disobedience introduced MLK Jr to nonviolent resistance.
 * Huge voice in libertarian, anarchist, antiwar, and primitivist circles for his opposition to government and industrial society.

// Why is she important? // //Why is she significant to United States history?//
 * Dorothea Dix - Tirthna B. **
 * Social reformer
 * Her “devotion to the welfare of the mentally ill led to widespread reforms in the United States and abroad”
 * Superintendent of nurses during the Civil War
 * Inspired US and Canadian legislators to establish state hospitals for the mentally-ill
 * Created the first mental asylum

[|http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nullification_Crisis#Tariffs_.281816-1828.29] [] [] [] [] [|http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panic_of_1837#Effects_and_aftermath] [] [] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1824 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothea_Dix http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nat_Turner's_slave_rebellion http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Removal_Act http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compromise_of_1850 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas%E2%80%93Nebraska_Act http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothea_Dix http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harriet_Beecher_Stowe http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jefferson_Davis http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Douglass http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Jackson http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_K._Polk http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln